What is Cataract Surgery? Find all the Related Answers!

Jun 03, 2019

Cataract surgery is a procedure to remove the lens of your eye and, in most cases, replace it with an artificial lens. Normally, the lens of your eye is clear. A cataract causes the lens to become cloudy, which eventually affects your vision. Cataract surgery is performed by an eye doctor (ophthalmologist) on an outpatient basis, which means you don't have to stay in the hospital after the surgery. It can be done traditionally using ultrasound energy to remove the cloudy lens, or it can be removed with laser-assisted technology. Cataract surgery is a widespread and generally a safe procedure.

Why it's done

Cataract surgery is performed to treat cataracts. Cataracts can cause blurry vision and increase the glare from lights. If a cataract makes it difficult for you to carry out your normal activities, your doctor may suggest cataract surgery. When a cataract interferes with the treatment of another eye problem, cataract surgery may be recommended. For example, doctors may recommend cataract surgery if a cataract makes it difficult for your eye doctor to examine the back of your eye to monitor or treat other eye problems such as age-related macular degeneration or diabetic retinopathy. In most cases, waiting to have cataract surgery won't harm your eye, so you have time to consider your options. If your vision is still quite good, you may not need cataract surgery for many years, if ever. When considering cataract surgery, keep these questions in mind:

Can you see to do your job safely and to drive?
Do you have problems reading or watching television?
Is it challenging to cook, shop, do yard work, climb stairs or take medications?
Do vision problems affect your level of independence?
Do bright lights make it more challenging to see?

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Risks

Complications after cataract surgery are uncommon, and most can be treated successfully. Cataract surgery risks include:

Inflammation
Infection
Bleeding
Swelling
Drooping eyelid
Dislocation of artificial lens
Retinal detachment
Glaucoma
Secondary cataract
Loss of vision

Your risk of complications is higher if you have another eye disease or a severe medical condition. Occasionally, cataract surgery fails to improve vision because of underlying eye damage from other conditions, such as glaucoma or macular degeneration. If possible, it may be beneficial to evaluate and treat other eye problems before making the decision to have cataract surgery.

How you prepare

To prepare for your cataract surgery, you may have to:

Undergo tests.
A week or so before your surgery, your doctor performs a painless ultrasound test to measure the size and shape of your eye. This helps determine the right type of lens implant (intraocular lens, or IOL).
Stop taking certain medications.
Your doctor may advise you to temporarily stop taking any medication that could increase your risk of bleeding during the procedure. Let your doctor know if you take any medicines for prostate problems, as some of these drugs can interfere with cataract surgery.
Use eyedrops to reduce infection risk.
You may get advice to take antibiotic eyedrops one or two days before the surgery.
Fast before surgery.
You may be instructed not to eat or drink anything 12 hours before the procedure.
Prepare for your recovery.
You usually can go home on the same day as your surgery, but you won't be able to drive, so arrange for a ride home. Also arrange for help around the home, if necessary, because your doctor may limit activities, such as bending and lifting, for about a week after your surgery.

What you can expect

Before cataract surgery

Nearly everyone who has cataract surgery will be given an artificial lens called an intraocular lens (IOL). These lenses improve your vision by focusing light on the back of your eye. You won't be able to see or feel the lens. It requires no care and becomes a permanent part of your eye. A variety of IOLs with different features are available. Before surgery, you and your eye doctor will discuss which type of intraocular lens (IOL) might work best for you and your lifestyle. Cost may also be a factor, as insurance companies may not pay for all types of lenses. IOLs are made of plastic, acrylic or silicone. Some IOLs block ultraviolet light. Some IOLs are rigid plastic and implanted through an incision that requires several stitches (sutures) to close. However, many IOLs are flexible, allowing a smaller incision that requires few or no stitches. The surgeon folds this type of lens and inserts it into the empty capsule where the natural lens used to be. Once inside the eye, the folded IOL unfolds, filling the empty capsule. Some of the types of lenses available include:

Fixed-focus monofocal.
This type of lens has a single focus strength for distance vision. Reading will generally require the use of reading glasses.
Accommodating-focus monofocal.
Although these lenses only have a single focusing strength, they can respond to eye muscle movements and shift focus on to near or distant objects.
Multifocal.
These lenses are similar to glasses with bifocal or progressive lenses. Different areas of the lens have different focusing strengths, allowing for near, medium and far vision.
Astigmatism correction (toric).
If you have significant astigmatism, a toric lens can help correct your vision.

Discuss the benefits and risks of the different types of IOLs with your eye surgeon to determine what's best for you.

During cataract surgery

Cataract surgery, usually an outpatient procedure, takes an hour or less to perform. First, your doctor will place eyedrops in your eye to dilate your pupil. You'll receive local anaesthetics to numb the area, and you may get a sedative to help you relax. If you get a sedative, you may remain awake, but groggy, during surgery. During cataract surgery, the doctors implant a clear artificial lens after the removal of the cloudy lens. In some cases, however, doctors remove the cataract without implanting an artificial lens. Surgical methods used to remove cataracts include:

Using an ultrasound probe to break up the lens for removal.
During a procedure called phacoemulsification (fak-o-e-mul-sih-fih-KAY-shun), your surgeon makes a tiny incision in the front of your eye (cornea) and inserts a needle-thin probe into the lens substance where the cataract has formed. Your surgeon then uses the probe, which transmits ultrasound waves, to break up (emulsify) the cataract and suction out the fragments. The very back of your lens (the lens capsule) remains intact to serve as a place for the artificial lens to rest. Stitches are may or may not be necessary to close the tiny incision in your cornea at the completion of the procedure.
Using advanced laser technology to remove the cloudy lens.
In laser-assisted cataract surgery, the surgeon uses a laser to make all incisions and soften the cataract for removal.
Making an incision in the eye and removing the lens in one piece.
A less frequently used procedure called extracapsular cataract extraction requires a larger incision than that used for phacoemulsification. Through this larger incision, your surgeon uses surgical tools to remove the front capsule of the lens and the cloudy portion of your lens comprising the cataract. The very back capsule of your lens remains in place to serve as a place for the artificial lens to rest. The practitioners will perform this procedure if you have certain eye complications. Also, the requirement of stitches only comes with the larger incision.

Once the cataract is out by either phacoemulsification or extracapsular extraction, the doctors implant the artificial lens into the empty lens capsule.

After cataract surgery

After cataract surgery, expect your vision to begin improving within a few days. Your vision may be blurry at first as your eye heals and adjusts. Colours may seem brighter after your surgery because you are looking through a new, clear lens. A cataract is usually yellow- or brown-tinted before surgery, muting the look of colours. You'll usually see your eye doctor a day or two after your surgery, the following week, and then again after about a month to monitor healing. It's normal to feel itching and mild discomfort for a couple of days after surgery. Avoid rubbing or pushing on your eye. Your doctor may ask you to wear an eye patch or protective shield the day of surgery. The doctor may also recommend wearing the eye patch for a few days after your surgery and the protective shield when you sleep during the recovery period. Your doctor may prescribe eyedrops or other medication to prevent infection, reduce inflammation and control eye pressure. Sometimes, doctors inject steroid medications into the eye at the time of surgery to keep inflammation at bay. After a couple of days, most of the discomfort should disappear. Often, complete healing occurs within eight weeks.

Things that need Attention:

Contact your doctor immediately if you experience any of the following:

Vision loss
Pain that persists despite the use of over-the-counter pain medications
Increased eye redness
Light flashes or multiple new spots (floaters) in front of your eye

Most people need glasses, at least some of the time, after cataract surgery. Your doctor will let you know when your eyes have healed enough for you to get a final prescription for eyeglasses. This is usually between one and three months after surgery. If you have cataracts in both eyes, your doctor usually schedules the second surgery after the first eye has healed.

Results

Cataract surgery successfully restores vision in the majority of people who have the procedure. People who've had cataract surgery may develop a secondary cataract. The medical term for this common complication is known as posterior capsule opacification (PCO). This happens when the back of the lens capsule — the part of the lens that wasn't removed during surgery and that now supports the lens implant — becomes cloudy and impairs your vision. PCO is treated with a painless, five-minute outpatient procedure called yttrium-aluminium-garnet (YAG) laser capsulotomy. In YAG laser capsulotomy, a laser beam is used to make a small opening in the clouded capsule to provide a clear path through which the light can pass. Afterwards, you usually stay in the doctor's office for about an hour to make sure your eye pressure doesn't rise. Other complications are rare but can include increased eye pressure and retinal detachment.